English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The immune and circulatory systems of insects are functionally integrated. Following infection, immune cells called hemocytes aggregate around the ostia (valves) of the heart. An earlier RNA sequencing project in the African malaria mosquito,  Anopheles gambiae , revealed that the heart-associated hemocytes, called periostial hemocytes, express transglutaminases more highly than hemocytes elsewhere in the body. Here, we further queried the expression of these transglutaminase genes and examined whether they play a role in heart-associated immune responses. We found that, in the whole body, injury upregulates the expression of  TGase2 , whereas infection upregulates  TGase1 ,  TGase2  and  TGase3 . RNAi-based knockdown of  TGase1  and  TGase2  did not alter periostial hemocyte aggregation, but knockdown of  TGase3  increased the number of periostial hemocytes during the early stages of infection and the sequestration of melanin by periostial hemocytes during the later stages of infection. In uninfected mosquitoes, knockdown of  TGase3  also slightly reduced the number of sessile hemocytes outside of the periostial regions. Taken altogether, these data show that  TGase3  negatively regulates periostial hemocyte aggregation, and we hypothesize that this occurs by negatively regulating the immune deficiency pathway and by altering hemocyte adhesion. In conclusion,  TGase3  is involved in the functional integration between the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes.

Transglutaminase 3 negatively regulates immune responses on the heart of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae