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Dissolved CO 2  levels (pCO 2 ) are increasing in lentic freshwaters across the globe. Recent studies have shown that this will impact the nutritional quality of phytoplankton as primary producers. However, the extent to which freshwater zooplankton may also be directly affected remains unclear. We test this in three model species representative of the main functional groups of primary consumers in freshwaters; the water flea  Daphnia magna , the seed shrimp  Heterocypris incongruens  and the rotifer  Brachionus calyciflorus . We experimentally exposed individuals to three pCO 2  levels (1,500; 25,500 and 83,000 ppm) to monitor changes in life history in response to current, elevated and extreme future pCO 2  conditions in ponds and shallow lakes. All species had reduced survival under the extreme pCO 2  treatment, but the water flea was most sensitive. Body size and reproduction were reduced at 25,500 ppm in the water flea and the seed shrimp and population growth was delayed in the rotifer. Overall, our results show that direct effects of pCO 2  could impact the population dynamics of freshwater zooplankton. By differentially modulating the life history of functional groups of primary consumers, elevated pCO 2  has the potential to change the evolutionary trajectories of populations as well as the ecological functioning of freshwater communities.

Direct effects of elevated dissolved CO2 can alter the life history of freshwater zooplankton