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Irrigation schemes provide an ideal habitat for  Anopheles  mosquitoes particularly during the dry season. Reliable estimates of outdoor host-seeking behaviour are needed to assess the impact of vector control options and this is particularly the case for  Anopheles arabiensis  which displays a wide range of behaviours that circumvent traditional indoor-insecticide based control. In this study we compared the sampling efficiency of the host decoy trap (HDT) with the human landing catch (HLC) and Suna trap in a repeated Latin square design in two villages (Lengwe and Mwanza) on an irrigated sugar estate in southern Malawi. Over the course of 18 trapping nights, we caught 379 female  Anopheles , the majority of which were identified as  An. arabiensis . Across both villages, there was no detectable difference in  Anopheles  catch between the HDT compared with the HLC (RR = 0.85,  P  = 0.508). The overall sensitivity of the HLC was greater than the Suna trap regardless of mosquito density (Lengwe, α = 2.75, 95% credible interval: 2.03–3.73; Mwanza, α = 3.38, 95% credible interval: 1.50–9.30) whereas the sensitivity of the HDT was only greater than the Suna trap when mosquito numbers were high (Lengwe, α = 2.63, 95% credible interval: 2.00–3.85).We conclude that the HDT is an effective sampling device for outdoor host seeking  An. arabiensis  in southern Malawi. The presence of  An. arabiensis  in irrigated lands during the dry season poses a challenge for ongoing indoor vector control efforts.

The human-baited host decoy trap (HDT) is an efficient sampling device for exophagic Anopheles arabiensis within irrigated lands in southern Malawi