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Mangrove endophytic fungi are tolerant to numerous stresses and are inevitably capable of exhibiting excellent biological activity by producing impressive numbers of metabolites with special biological functions, based on previous work on the biological potential of mangrove-derived endophytic fungi. To obtain marked antimicrobial and cytotoxic fermentation products of culturable endophytic fungi from mangrove forests, our research evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts of endophytic fungi from  Rhizophora stylosa  and  Rhizophora mucronata.  Forty-six fungal isolates were cultured on four different media, namely, dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek’s agar (CZA), rice medium (RM) and grain medium (GM) and harvested by ethyl acetate solvent at 40 days. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity by the microdilution method against the gram-negative bacteria  Pseudomonas adaceae  (PA), gram-positive bacteria  Enterococcus faecalis  (EF), methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA) and pathogenic fungus  Monilia albicans  (MA). The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was evaluated by MTT assay using A549 human lung cancer cells, HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells, and HepG2 human hepatocellular cells. The results showed that rice medium could promote the secretion of antimicrobial and antitumour secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi in comparison with other cultivation media. Seventeen strains (68%) from  R. stylosa  exhibited inhibitory effects on indicators, especially  N. protearum  HHL46, which could inhibit the growth of four microbes with MIC values reaching 0.0625 mg/mL. Fifteen strains (71.4%) from  R. mucronata  displayed activities against human pathogenic microbes; in particular,  Pestalotiopsis  sp .  HQD6 and  N. protearum  HQD5 could resist the growth of four microbes with MIC values ranging from 0.015 to 1 mg/mL. In the cytotoxicity assay, the extracts of 10 strains (40%), 9 strains (40%) and 13 strains (52%) of  R. stylosa  and 13 strains (61.9%), 10 strains (47.6%) and 10 strains (47.6%) of  R. mucronata  displayed cytotoxicity against A549, HeLa and HepG2 cancer cells with cell viability values ≤ 50%.  Neopestalotiopsis protearum  HHL46,  Phomopsis longicolla  HHL50,  Botryosphaeria fusispora  HQD83,  Fusarium verticillioides  HQD48 and  Pestalotiopsis  sp .  HQD6 displayed significant antitumour activity with IC 50  values below 20 μg/mL. These results highlighted the antimicrobial and antitumour potential of endophytic fungi from  R. stylosa  and  R. mucronata  and the possibility of exploiting their antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic fungi extracts from mangrove plants Rhizophora stylosa and R. mucronata