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The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment friendly and sustainable method to manage insect pests of economic importance through successive releases of sterile irradiated males of the targeted species to a defined area. A mating of a sterile male with a virgin wild female will result in no offspring, and ultimately lead to the suppression or eradication of the targeted population. Tsetse flies, vectors of African  Trypanosoma,  have a highly regulated and defined microbial fauna composed of three bacterial symbionts that may have a role to play in the establishment of  Trypanosoma  infections in the flies and hence, may influence the vectorial competence of the released sterile males.  Sodalis  bacteria seem to interact with  Trypanosoma  infection in tsetse flies. Field-caught tsetse flies of ten different taxa and from 15 countries were screened using PCR to detect the presence of  Sodalis  and  Trypanosoma  species and analyse their interaction. The results indicate that the prevalence of  Sodalis  and  Trypanosoma  varied with country and tsetse species. Trypanosome prevalence was higher in east, central and southern African countries than in west African countries. Tsetse fly infection rates with  Trypanosoma vivax  and  T. brucei  sspp were higher in west African countries, whereas tsetse infection with  T. congolense  and  T. simiae, T. simiae  ( tsavo ) and  T. godfreyi  were higher in east, central and south African countries.  Sodalis  prevalence was high in  Glossina morsitans morsitans  and  G. pallidipes  but absent in  G. tachinoides.  Double and triple infections with  Trypanosoma  taxa and coinfection of  Sodalis  and  Trypanosoma  were rarely observed but it occurs in some taxa and locations. A significant Chi square value (&lt; 0.05) seems to suggest that  Sodalis  and  Trypanosoma  infection correlate in  G. palpalis gambiensis ,  G. pallidipes  and  G. medicorum .  Trypanosoma  infection seemed significantly associated with an increased  density of  Sodalis  in wild  G. m. morsitans  and  G. pallidipes  flies, however, there was no significant impact of  Sodalis  infection on trypanosome density.

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Prevalence of Trypanosoma and Sodalis in wild populations of tsetse flies and their impact on sterile insect technique programmes for tsetse eradication