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Toxoplasma gondii  is a worldwide food-borne parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. To date, there are no effective drugs to prevent or eradicate  T. gondii  infection. Recent studies have shown that probiotics could influence the relationship between the microbiota and parasites in the host. Koumiss has been used to treat many diseases based on its probiotic diversity. Therefore, we explored the effect of koumiss on  T. gondii  infection via its effect on the host intestinal microbiota. BALB/c mice were infected with  T. gondii  and treated with PBS, koumiss and mares’ milk. Brain cysts were counted, and long-term changes in the microbiota and the effect of koumiss on gut microbiota were investigated with high-throughput sequencing technology. The results suggested that koumiss treatment significantly decreased the cyst counts in the brain ( P  &lt; 0.05). Moreover,  T. gondii  infection changed the microbiota composition, and koumiss treatment increased the relative abundance of  Lachnospiraceae  and  Akkermansia muciniphila , which were associated with preventing  T. gondii  infection. Moreover, koumiss could inhibit or ameliorate  T. gondii  infection by increasing the abundance of certain bacteria that control unique metabolic pathways. The study not only established a close interaction among the host, intracellular pathogens and intestinal microbiota but also provided a novel focus for drug development to prevent and eradicate  T. gondii  infection.

Study on the effect of koumiss on the intestinal microbiota of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii