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Sphingolipid long chain bases (LCBs) are building blocks of sphingolipids and can serve as signalling molecules, but also have antimicrobial activity and were effective in reducing growth of a range of human pathogens. In plants, LCBs are linked to cell death processes and the regulation of defence reactions against pathogens, but their role in directly influencing growth of plant-interacting microorganisms has received little attention. Therefore, we tested the major plant LCB phytosphingosine in in vitro tests with the plant pathogenic fungi  Verticillium longisporum ,  Fusarium graminearum  and  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , the plant symbiotic fungal endophyte  Serendipita indica , the bacterial pathogens  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  tomato  ( Pst ),  Agrobacterium tumefaciens , and the related beneficial strain  Rhizobium radiobacter . Phytosphingosine inhibited growth of these organisms at micromolar concentrations. Among the fungal pathogens,  S. sclerotiorum  was the most, and  F. graminearum  was the least sensitive. 15.9 μg/mL phytosphingosine effectively killed 95% of the three bacterial species. Plant disease symptoms and growth of  Pst  were also inhibited by phytosphingosine when co-infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves, with no visible negative effect on host tissue. Taken together, we demonstrate that the plant LCB phytosphingosine inhibits growth of plant-interacting microorganisms. We discuss the potential of elevated LCB levels to enhance plant pathogen resistance.

The major plant sphingolipid long chain base phytosphingosine inhibits growth of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens