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Mastitis is a common and costly disease on dairy farms, commonly caused by  Staphylococcus  spp. though the various species are associated with different clinical outcomes. In the current study, we performed genomic analyses to determine the prevalence of adhesion, biofilm, and related regulatory genes in 478 staphylococcal species isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases deposited in public databases. The most prevalent adhesin genes ( ebpS ,  atl ,  pls ,  sasH  and  sasF ) were found in both clinical and subclinical isolates. However, the  ebpS  gene was absent in subclinical isolates of  Staphylococcus arlettae, S. succinus, S. sciuri, S. equorun, S. galinarum,  and  S. saprophyticus . In contrast, the  coa ,  eap ,  emp, efb,  and  vWbp  genes were present more frequently in clinical (vs. subclincal) mastitis isolates and were highly correlated with the presence of the biofim operon ( icaABCD ) and its transcriptional regulator,  icaR . Co-phylogenetic analyses suggested that many of these adhesins, biofilm, and associated regulatory genes could have been horizontally disseminated between clinical and subclinical isolates. Our results further suggest that several adhesins, biofilm, and related regulatory genes, which have been overlooked in previous studies, may be of use for virulence profiling of mastitis-related  Staphylococcus  strains or as potential targets for vaccine development.

Genomic comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of mastitis-related staphylococci with a focus on adhesion, biofilm, and related regulatory genes