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Several amniote lineages independently evolved multiple rows of marginal teeth in response to the challenge of processing high fiber plant matter. Multiple tooth rows develop via alterations to tooth replacement in captorhinid reptiles and ornithischian dinosaurs, but the specific changes that produce this morphology differ, reflecting differences in their modes of tooth attachment. To further understand the mechanisms by which multiple tooth rows can develop, we examined this feature in  Endothiodon bathystoma , a member of the only synapsid clade (Anomodontia) to evolve a multi-rowed marginal dentition. We histologically sampled  Endothiodon  mandibles with and without multiple tooth rows as well as single-rowed maxillae. We also segmented functional and replacement teeth in µ-CT scanned mandibles and maxillae of  Endothiodon  and several other anomodonts with ‘postcanine’ teeth to characterize tooth replacement in the clade. All anomodonts in our sample displayed a space around the tooth roots for a soft tissue attachment between tooth and jaw in life. Trails of alveolar bone indicate varying degrees of labial migration of teeth through ontogeny, often altering the spatial relationships of functional and replacement teeth in the upper and lower jaws. We present a model of multiple tooth row development in  E. bathystoma  in which labial migration of functional teeth was extensive enough to prevent resorption and replacement by newer generations of teeth. This model represents another mechanism by which multiple tooth rows evolved in amniotes. The multiple tooth rows of  E. bathystoma  may have provided more extensive contact between the teeth and a triturating surface on the palatine during chewing.

Histology and μCT reveal the unique evolution and development of multiple tooth rows in the synapsid Endothiodon