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Chlamydia gallinacea  is an obligate intracellular bacterium that has recently been added to the family of  Chlamydiaceae .  C. gallinacea  is genetically diverse, widespread in poultry and a suspected cause of pneumonia in slaughterhouse workers. In poultry,  C. gallinacea  infections appear asymptomatic, but studies about the pathogenic potential are limited. In this study two novel sequence types of  C. gallinacea  were isolated from apparently healthy chickens. Both isolates (NL_G47 and NL_F725) were closely related to each other and have at least 99.5% DNA sequence identity to  C. gallinacea  Type strain 08-1274/3. To gain further insight into the pathogenic potential, infection experiments in embryonated chicken eggs and comparative genomics with  Chlamydia psittaci  were performed.  C. psittaci  is a ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen of birds and mammals, and infection in poultry can result in severe systemic illness. In experiments with embryonated chicken eggs,  C. gallinacea  induced mortality was observed, potentially strain dependent, but lower compared to  C. psittaci  induced mortality. Comparative analyses confirmed all currently available  C. gallinacea  genomes possess the hallmark genes coding for known and potential virulence factors as found in  C. psittaci  albeit to a reduced number of orthologues or paralogs. The presence of potential virulence factors and the observed mortality in embryonated eggs indicates  C. gallinacea  should rather be considered as an opportunistic pathogen than an innocuous commensal.

Genetic and phenotypic analysis of the pathogenic potential of two novel Chlamydia gallinacea strains compared to Chlamydia psittaci