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Intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired delirium is associated with adverse outcome in trauma patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI), but diagnosis remains challenging. Quantifying circadian disruption by analyzing expression of the circadian gene  period circadian regulator 2  ( PER2 ) and  heme oxygenase 1  ( HO1 ), which determines heme turnover, may prove to be potential diagnostic tools. Expression of  PER2  and  HO1  was quantified using qPCR from blood samples 1 day and 7 days after trauma. Association analysis was performed comparing mRNA expression levels with parameters of trauma (ISS—injury severity score), delirium, acute kidney injury (AKI) and length of ICU stay. 48 polytraumatized patients were included (equal distribution of TBI versus non-TBI) corrected for ISS, age and gender using a matched pairs approach. Expression levels of  PER2  and  HO1  were independent of age ( PER2 :  P  = 0.935;  HO1 :  P  = 0.988), while expression levels were significantly correlated with trauma severity ( PER2 :  P  = 0.009;  HO1 :  P  < 0.001) and longer ICU length of stay ( PER2 :  P  = 0.018;  HO1 :  P  < 0.001). High expression levels increased the odds of delirium occurrence ( PER2 :  OR  = 4.32 [1.14–13.87];  HO1 :  OR  = 4.50 [1.23–14.42]). Patients with TBI showed a trend towards elevated  PER2  ( OR  = 3.00 [0.84–9.33],  P  = 0.125) ,  but not towards delirium occurrence ( P  = 0.556). TBI patients were less likely to develop AKI compared to non-TBI ( P  = 0.022). Expression levels of  PER2  and  HO1  correlate with the incidence of delirium in an age-independent manner and may potentially improve diagnostic algorithms when used as delirium biomarkers.   Trial registration:  German Clinical Trials Register (Trial-ID DRKS00008981; Universal Trial Number U1111-1172-6077; Jan. 18, 2018).

Expression of HO1 and PER2 can predict the incidence of delirium in trauma patients with concomitant brain injury