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In addition to chronic infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) and exposure to environmental carcinogens, genetic and epigenetic factors act as major risk factors for head and neck cancer (HNC) development and progression. Here, we conducted a systematic review in order to assess whether DNA hypermethylated genes are predictive of high risk of developing HNC and/or impact on survival and outcomes in non-HPV/non-tobacco/non-alcohol associated HNC. We identified 85 studies covering 32,187 subjects where the relationship between DNA methylation, risk factors and survival outcomes were addressed. Changes in DNA hypermethylation were identified for 120 genes. Interactome analysis revealed enrichment in complex regulatory pathways that coordinate cell cycle progression ( CCNA1, SFN, ATM, GADD45A, CDK2NA, TP53, RB1  and  RASSF1 ). However, not all these genes showed significant statistical association with alcohol consumption, tobacco and/or HPV infection in the multivariate analysis. Genes with the most robust HNC risk association included  TIMP3, DCC, DAPK, CDH1, CCNA1, MGMT, P16, MINT31, CD44, RARβ . From these candidates, we further validated CD44 at translational level in an independent cohort of 100 patients with tongue cancer followed-up beyond 10 years. CD44 expression was associated with high-risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis ( P  = 0.01) in HPV-cases. In summary, genes regulated by methylation play a modulatory function in HNC susceptibility and it represent a critical therapeutic target to manage patients with advanced disease.

Portrait of DNA methylated genes predictive of poor prognosis in head and neck cancer and the implication for targeted therapy