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Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in marine environments and play an important role as primary producers. Some cyanobacteria, the so-called cyanobionts (cyanobacterial symbionts), have a symbiotic relationship with unicellular organisms. Among these relationships, in particular, the nature (e.g., genetic diversity, host or cyanobiont specificity, and cyanobiont seasonality) of the cyanobiont-dinoflagellate host consortia remains poorly understood. In this study, 16S rDNA of cyanobionts in 138 single host cells isolated over four seasons from temperate waters were sequenced using the MiSeq platform. Genetic analysis of cyanobionts from the dinoflagellate host  Ornithocercus  revealed that three genetic types of Synechococcales cyanobionts occurred in a wide range of water temperatures (11–24 °C), and their distribution seemed to be closely associated with variations in salinity. Furthermore, a certain degree of host (or cyanobiont) specificity in cyanobionts (or the host) among  Ornithocercus  species as well as among other dinophysoid species (i.e.  Amphisolenia, Citharistes,  and  Histioneis ), was observed. In addition to the Synechococcales cyanobionts, this study identified OTU sequences affiliated with Vampirovibrionales and Chroococcidiopsidales in some  Ornithocercus  cells, suggesting that  Ornithocercus  species are an additional habitat for these bacterial groups.

Cyanobiont genetic diversity and host specificity of cyanobiont-bearing dinoflagellate Ornithocercus in temperate coastal waters