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We studied the biodiversity of  Asterochloris  photobionts found in Bolivian lichens to better understand their global spatial distribution and adaptation strategies in the context of a worldwide phylogeny of the genus. Based on nuclear ITS rDNA, the chloroplast  rbc L gene and the  actin  type I gene we reconstructed a phylogenetic tree that recovered nine new  Asterochloris  lineages, while 32 Bolivian photobiont samples were assigned to 12 previously recognized  Asterochloris  lineages. We also show that some previously discovered  Asterochloris  photobiont species and lineages may occur in a broader spectrum of climatic conditions, and mycobiont species and photobionts may show different preferences along an altitude gradient. To reveal general patterns of of mycobiont specificity towards the photobiont in  Asterochloris , we tested the influence of climate, altitude, geographical distance and effects of symbiotic partner (mycobiont) at the species level of three genera of lichen forming fungi:  Stereocaulon ,  Cladonia  and  Lepraria . Further, we compared the specificity of mycobionts towards  Asterochloris  photobionts in cosmopolitan, Neotropical, and Pantropical lichen forming fungi. Interestingly, cosmopolitan species showed the lowest specificity to their photobionts, but also the lowest haplotype diversity. Neotropical and Paleotropical mycobionts, however, were more specific.

New lineages of photobionts in Bolivian lichens expand our knowledge on habitat preferences and distribution of Asterochloris algae