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This work continues our studies on the pleiotropic activity of the insect peptide  Neb -colloostatin in insects. In vivo immunological bioassays demonstrated that hemocytotoxic analogs of  Neb -colloostatin injected into  Tenebrio molitor  significantly reduced the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph and impaired phagocytosis, nodulation and phenoloxidase activities in the insects. Among the analogs tested, [Ala 1 ]-,[Val 1 ]-, [Hyp 4 ]- and [Ach 4 ]-colloostatin were particularly potent in disrupting cellular immunity in larvae, pupae and adult insects. This result suggests that the most effective analogs showed increases in the bioactivity period in the hemolymph of insects when compared to  Neb -colloostatin. Recently, we demonstrated that it is possible to introduce  Neb -colloostatin through the cuticle of an insect into the hemolymph when the peptide is coupled with nanodiamonds. In this study, we showed that [Ala 1 ]-, [Val 1 ]-, [Hyp 4 ]- and [Ach 4 ]-colloostatin, when complexed with nanodiamonds, may also pass through the cuticle into the hemolymph and induce long-term impairments of immunity in  T. molitor  at all developmental stages. Studies on the tissue selectivity and effectiveness of  Neb -colloostatin analogs and efficient methods for their introduction into insects may contribute to the development of eco-friendly pest control methods based on bioactive peptidomimetics.

Disruption of insect immunity using analogs of the pleiotropic insect peptide hormone Neb-colloostatin: a nanotech approach for pest control II