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Olfactory receptor families have arisen independently several times during evolution. The origin of  taar  genes, one of the four major vertebrate olfactory receptor families, is disputed. We performed a phylogenetic analysis making use of 96 recently available genomes, and report that olfactory functionality has arisen twice independently within the TAAR family, once in jawed and once in jawless fish. In lamprey, an ancestral gene expanded to generate a large family of olfactory receptors, while the sister gene in jawed vertebrates did not expand and is not expressed in olfactory sensory neurons. Both clades do not exhibit the defining TAAR motif, and we suggest naming them taar-like receptors ( tarl ). We have identified the evolutionary origin of both  taar  and  tarl  genes in a duplication of the serotonergic receptor 4 that occurred in the most recent common ancestor of vertebrates. We infer two ancestral genes in bony fish (TAAR12, TAAR13) which gave rise to the complete repertoire of mammalian olfactory  taar  genes and to class II of the  taar  repertoire of teleost fish. We follow their evolution in seventy-one bony fish genomes and report a high evolutionary dynamic, with many late gene birth events and both early and late gene death events.

Olfactory function in the trace amine-associated receptor family (TAARs) evolved twice independently