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Novel heterotrophic bacterial strains—Bzr02 and Str21, effective in nitrogen transformation, were isolated from sequential sedimentation-biofiltration systems (SSBSs). Bzr02, identified as  Citrobacter freundii , removed up to 99.0% of N–NH 4  and 70.2% of N–NO 3 , while Str21, identified as  Pseudomonas mandelii , removed up to 98.9% of N–NH 4  and 87.7% of N–NO 3 . The key functional genes  nap A/ nar G and  hao  were detected for Bzr02, confirming its ability to reduce nitrate to nitrite and remove hydroxylamine. Str21 was detected with the genes  nar G,  nir S,  nor B and  nos Z, confirming its potential for complete denitrification process. Nitrogen total balance experiments determined that Bzr02 and Str21 incorporated nitrogen into cell biomass (up to 94.7% and 74.7%, respectively), suggesting that nitrogen assimilation was also an important process occurring simultaneously with denitrification. Based on these results, both strains are suitable candidates for improving nutrient removal efficiencies in nature-based solutions such as SSBSs.

scientific reports

Culturable nitrogen-transforming bacteria from sequential sedimentation biofiltration systems and their potential for nutrient removal in urban polluted rivers