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A survey for species of the genus  Trichoderma  occurring as endophytes of  Coffea,  and as mycoparasites of coffee rusts ( Hemileia ), was undertaken in Africa; concentrating on Cameroon and Ethiopia. Ninety-four isolates of  Trichoderma  were obtained during this study: 76 as endophytes of healthy leaves, stems and berries and, 18 directly from colonized rust pustules. A phylogenetic analysis of all isolates used a combination of three genes: translation elongation factor-1α ( tef1 ),  rpb2  and  cal  for selected isolates. GCPSR criteria were used for the recognition of species; supported by morphological and cultural characters. The results reveal a previously unrecorded diversity of  Trichoderma  species endophytic in both wild and cultivated  Coffea , and mycoparasitic on  Hemileia  rusts. Sixteen species were delimited, including four novel taxa which are described herein:  T. botryosum ,  T. caeruloviride ,  T. lentissimum  and  T. pseudopyramidale . Two of these new species,  T .  botryosum  and  T .  pseudopyramidale , constituted over 60% of the total isolations, predominantly from wild  C .  arabica  in Ethiopian cloud forest. In sharp contrast, not a single isolate of  Trichoderma  was obtained using the same isolation protocol during a survey of coffee in four Brazilian states, suggesting the existence of a ‘ Trichoderma  void’ in the endophyte mycobiota of coffee outside of Africa. The potential use of these African  Trichoderma  isolates in classical biological control, either as endophytic bodyguards—to protect coffee plants from  Hemileia vastatrix , the fungus causing coffee leaf rust (CLR)—or to reduce its impact through mycoparasitism, is discussed, with reference to the on-going CLR crisis in Central America.

New species and records of Trichoderma isolated as mycoparasites and endophytes from cultivated and wild coffee in Africa