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Plant-specific WRKY transcription factors play important roles in regulating the expression of defense-responsive genes against pathogen attack. A multiple stress-responsive WRKY gene,  ZmWRKY65 , was identified in maize by screening salicylic acid (SA)-induced de novo transcriptomic sequences. The ZmWRKY65 protein was localized in the nucleus of mesophyll protoplasts. The analysis of the ZmWRKY65 promoter sequence indicated that it contains several stress-related transcriptional regulatory elements. Many environmental factors affecting the transcription of  ZmWRKY65  gene, such as drought, salinity, high temperature and low temperature stress. Moreover, the transcription of  ZmWRKY65  gene was also affected by the induction of defense related plant hormones such as SA and exogenous ABA. The results of seed germination and stomatal aperture assays indicated that transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants exhibit enhanced sensitivity to ABA and high concentrations of SA. Overexpression of  ZmWRKY65  improved tolerance to both pathogen attack and abiotic stress in transgenic  Arabidopsis  plants and activated several stress-related genes such as  RD29A ,  ERD10 , and  STZ  as well as pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes such as  PR1 ,  PR2  and  PR5 ; these genes are involved in resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses in  Arabidopsis . Together, this evidence implies that the  ZmWRKY65  gene is involved in multiple stress signal transduction pathways.

Overexpression of ZmWRKY65 transcription factor from maize confers stress resistances in transgenic Arabidopsis