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The plant-pathogenic bacterium  Xylella fastidiosa  which causes significant diseases to various plant species worldwide, is exclusively transmitted by xylem sap-feeding insects. Given the fact that  X. fastidiosa  poses a serious potential threat for olive cultivation in Greece, the main aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variation of Greek populations of three spittlebug species ( Philaenus spumarius ,  P. signatus  and  Neophilaenus campestris ), by examining the molecular markers Cytochrome Oxidase I, cytochrome b and Internal Transcribed Spacer. Moreover, the infection status of the secondary endosymbionts  Wolbachia ,  Arsenophonus ,  Hamiltonella ,  Cardinium  and  Rickettsia , among these populations, was determined. According to the results, the  ITS2  region was the less polymorphic, while the analyzed fragments of  COI  and  cytb  genes, displayed high genetic diversity. The phylogenetic analysis placed the Greek populations of  P. spumarius  into the previously obtained Southwest clade in Europe. The analysis of the bacterial diversity revealed a diverse infection status.  Rickettsia  was the most predominant endosymbiont while  Cardinium  was totally absent from all examined populations.  Philaenus spumarius  harbored  Rickettsia ,  Arsenophonus ,  Hamiltonella  and  Wolbachia ,  N. campestris  carried  Rickettsia ,  Hamiltonella  and  Wolbachia  while  P. signatus  was infected only by  Rickettsia . The results of this study will provide an important knowledge resource for understanding the population dynamics of vectors of  X. fastidiosa  with a view to formulate effective management strategies towards the bacterium.

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Genetic and endosymbiotic diversity of Greek populations of Philaenus spumarius, Philaenus signatus and Neophilaenus campestris, vectors of Xylella fastidiosa