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Two well-preserved, subadult 800 ky scapulae from Gran Dolina belonging to  Homo antecessor , provide a unique opportunity to investigate the ontogeny of shoulder morphology in Lower Pleistocene humans. We compared the  H. antecessor  scapulae with a sample of 98  P. troglodytes  and 108  H. sapiens  representatives covering seven growth stages, as well as with the DIK-1-1 (Dikika;  Australopithecus afarensis ), KNM-WT 15000 (Nariokotome;  H. ergaster ), and MH2 (Malapa;  A. sediba ) specimens. We quantified 15 landmarks on each scapula and performed geometric morphometric analyses.  H. sapiens  scapulae are mediolaterally broader with laterally oriented glenoid fossae relative to  Pan  and Dikika shoulder blades. Accordingly,  H. antecessor  scapulae shared more morphological affinities with modern humans, KNM-WT 15000, and even MH2. Both  H. antecessor  and modern  Homo  showed significantly more positive scapular growth trajectories than  Pan  (slopes:  P. troglodytes  = 0.0012;  H. sapiens  = 0.0018;  H. antecessor  = 0.0020). Similarities in ontogenetic trajectories between the  H. antecessor  and modern human data suggest that Lower Pleistocene hominin scapular development was already modern human-like. At the same time, several morphological features distinguish  H. antecessor  scapulae from modern humans along the entire trajectory. Future studies should include additional  Australopithecus  specimens for further comparative assessment of scapular growth trends.

Evolutionary development of the Homo antecessor scapulae (Gran Dolina site, Atapuerca) suggests a modern-like development for Lower Pleistocene Homo