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To date, little is known about the ecological significance of Comammox (COMplete AMMonia OXidizers)  Nitrospira  in the water column of freshwater lakes. Water samples collected along depth profiles were used to investigate the distribution of Comammox in 13 lakes characterized by a wide range of physicochemical properties. Several published primers, which target the α-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase, generated non-specific PCR products or did not amplify target genes from lake water and other habitats. Therefore, a new primer set has been designed for specific detection of Comammox in lakes. The high specificity of the PCR assay was confirmed by sequencing analysis. Quantification of Comammox  amoA  genes in lake water samples based on droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) revealed very low abundances (not exceeding 85  amoA  copies ml −1 ), which suggest that Comammox is of minor importance for the nitrification process in the water column of the study sites. Surprisingly, samples taken from the sediment/water-interface along an oxygen gradient in dimictic Piburger See showed Comammox abundances three to four magnitudes higher than in the pelagic realm of the lake, which indicates a preference of Comammox to a particle-attached lifestyle.

Primer evaluation and development of a droplet digital PCR protocol targeting amoA genes for the quantification of Comammox in lakes