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Cannabis sativa  is widely used for medical purposes and has anti-inflammatory activity. This study intended to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of cannabis on immune response markers associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inflammation. An extract fraction from  C. sativa  Arbel strain (F CBD ) substantially reduced (dose dependently) interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 levels in an alveolar epithelial (A549) cell line. F CBD  contained cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG) and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), and multiple terpenes. Treatments with F CBD  and a F CBD  formulation using phytocannabinoid standards (F CBD:std ) reduced IL-6, IL-8,  C–C Motif Chemokine Ligands  ( CCLs ) 2 and 7, and  angiotensin I converting enzyme 2  ( ACE2 ) expression in the A549 cell line. Treatment with F CBD  induced macrophage (differentiated KG1 cell line) polarization and phagocytosis in vitro, and increased  CD36  and  type II receptor for the Fc region of IgG  ( FcγRII ) expression. F CBD  treatment also substantially increased  IL-6  and  IL-8  expression in macrophages. F CBD:std , while maintaining anti-inflammatory activity in alveolar epithelial cells, led to reduced phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory IL secretion in macrophages in comparison to F CBD . The phytocannabinoid formulation may show superior activity versus the cannabis-derived fraction for reduction of lung inflammation, yet there is a need of caution proposing cannabis as treatment for COVID-19.

scientific reports

Cannabis compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in COVID-19-related inflammation in lung epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory activity in macrophages