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Nitric oxide (NO) modulates plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses by S-nitrosylation-mediated protein post-translational modification. Nitrate reductase (NR) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) enzymes are essential for NO synthesis and the maintenance of Nitric oxide/S-nitroso glutathione (NO/GSNO) homeostasis, respectively. S-nitrosoglutathione, formed by the S-nitrosylation reaction of NO with glutathione, plays a significant physiological role as the mobile reservoir of NO. The genome-wide analysis identified nine  NR  (NIA)  and three  GSNOR  genes in the wheat genome. Phylogenic analysis revealed that the nine  NIA  genes +were clustered into four groups and the 3  GSNOR s into two groups. qRT-PCR expression profiling of  NIAs  and GSNORs was done in Chinese spring (CS), a leaf rust susceptible wheat line showing compatible interaction, and Transfer (TR), leaf rust-resistant wheat line showing incompatible interaction, post-inoculation with leaf rust pathotype 77–5 (121-R-63). All the  NIA  genes showed upregulation during incompatible interaction in comparison with the compatible reaction. The  GSNOR  genes showed a variable pattern of expression: the  TaGSNOR1  showed little change, whereas  TaGSNOR2  showed higher expression during the incompatible response.  TaGSNOR3  showed a rise  of expression  both in compatible and incompatible reactions. Before inoculation and after 72 h of pathogen inoculation, NO localization was studied in both compatible and incompatible reactions. The S-nitrosothiol accumulation, NR, and glutathione reductase activity showed a consistent increase in the incompatible interactions. The results demonstrate that both NR and GSNOR plays  significant role in defence against the leaf rust pathogen in wheat by modulating NO homeostasis or signalling.

Analysis of NIA and GSNOR family genes and nitric oxide homeostasis in response to wheat-leaf rust interaction