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Rafflesia  is a unique plant species existing as a single flower and produces the largest flower in the world. While  Rafflesia  buds take up to 21 months to develop, its flowers bloom and wither within about a week. In this study, transcriptome analysis was carried out to shed light on the molecular mechanism of senescence in  Rafflesia . A total of 53.3 million high quality reads were obtained from two  Rafflesia cantleyi  flower developmental stages and assembled to generate 64,152 unigenes. Analysis of this dataset showed that 5,166 unigenes were differentially expressed, in which 1,073 unigenes were identified as genes involved in flower senescence. Results revealed that as the flowers progress to senescence, more genes related to flower senescence were significantly over-represented compared to those related to plant growth and development. Senescence of the  R. cantleyi  flower activates senescence-associated genes in the transcription activity (members of the transcription factor families MYB, bHLH, NAC, and WRKY), nutrient remobilization (autophagy-related protein and transporter genes), and redox regulation ( CATALASE ). Most of the senescence-related genes were found to be differentially regulated, perhaps for the fine-tuning of various responses in the senescing  R. cantleyi  flower. Additionally, pathway analysis showed the activation of genes such as  ETHYLENE RECEPTOR ,  ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 2, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 , and  ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR , indicating the possible involvement of the ethylene hormone response pathway in the regulation of  R. cantleyi  senescence. Our results provide a model of the molecular mechanism underlying  R. cantleyi  flower senescence, and contribute essential information towards further understanding the biology of the Rafflesiaceae family.

Transcriptome analysis of Rafflesia cantleyi flower stages reveals insights into the regulation of senescence