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The six-spined ips,  Ips calligraphus , is a North American bark beetle that can exploit most eastern North American  Pinus  species and can cause mortality. Biotic and abiotic disturbances weaken trees, creating breeding substrate that promotes rapid population growth. Management historically relied on silvicultural practices, but as forests become increasingly stressed, innovative management is needed. Manipulation of the cellular RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to induce gene silencing is an emerging means of insect suppression, and is effective for some bark beetles. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a powerful tool for analysis of gene expression, and is essential for examining RNAi. To compare gene expression among individuals, stably expressed reference genes must be validated for qPCR .  We evaluated six candidate reference genes ( 18s ,  16s ,  28s ,  ef1a ,  cad ,  coi ) for stability under biotic (beetle sex, developmental stage, and host plant), and abiotic (temperature, photoperiod, and dsRNA exposure) conditions. We used the comprehensive RefFinder tool to compare stability rankings across four algorithms. These algorithms identified  18s ,  16s , and  28s  as the most stably expressed. Overall,  16s  and  28s  were selected as reference genes due to their stability and moderate expression levels, and can be used for  I. calligraphus  gene expression studies using qPCR, including those evaluating RNAi.

Validation of reference genes for quantitative PCR in the forest pest, Ips calligraphus