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The mediated semi-quantum key distribution (MSQKD) protocol is an importantresearch issue that lets two classical participants share secret keys securelybetween each other with the help of a third party (TP). However, in theexisting MSQKD protocols, there are two improvable issues, namely (1) theclassical participants must be equipped with expensive detectors to avoidTrojan horse attacks and (2) the trustworthiness level of TP must be honest. Tothe best of our knowledge, none of the existing MSQKD protocols can resolveboth these issues. Therefore, this study takes Bell states as the quantumresource to propose a MSQKD protocol, in which the classical participants donot need a Trojan horse detector and the TP is dishonest. Furthermore, theproposed protocol is shown to be secure against well-known attacks and theclassical participants only need two quantum capabilities. Therefore, incomparison to the existing MSQKD protocols, the proposed protocol is betterpractical.

Lightweight Mediated Semi-Quantum Key Distribution Protocol with a Dishonest Third Party based on Bell States