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In this research, mesoporous calcium aluminate nanostructures (meso-CaAl 2 O 4 ) were synthesized using a citric acid-assisted sol–gel auto-combustion process as the potential adsorbent to eliminate toxic triphenylmethane dye malachite green (MG) from synthetic/real effluent. The surface morphology of meso-CaAl 2 O 4  was highly porous with nanometric size and non-homogeneous surface. The specific surface area, total pore volume, and BJH pore diameter of meso-CaAl 2 O 4  were 148.5 m 2  g −1 , 1.39 cm 3  g −1 , and 19 nm, respectively. The meso-CaAl 2 O 4  also showed a very high heat resistance, due to losing only 7.95% of its weight up to 800 °C, which is mainly related to the moisture loss. The optimal adsorption conditions were obtained based on response surface methods (RSM)-central composite design (CCD) techniques. The Langmuir isotherm model was used for fitting the adsorption measurements, which presented 587.5 mg g –1  as the maximum adsorption capacity of the dye. The data obtained from the adsorption kinetics model were found to correspond to the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamic parameters including enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°), and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) indicated that MG dye adsorption by the meso-CaAl 2 O 4  was feasible, endothermic, and occurred spontaneously. Furthermore, the meso-CaAl 2 O 4  was regenerated by microwave irradiation under 900 W at 6 min, and the MG dye removal efficiency was remained over 90% after the five cycles of microwave regeneration.

scientific reports

A reusable mesoporous adsorbent for efficient treatment of hazardous triphenylmethane dye wastewater: RSM-CCD optimization and rapid microwave-assisted regeneration