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Plant metal hyperaccumulators, to which  Brassica juncea  belongs, must have very efficient defence mechanisms that enable growth and development in an environment polluted with various heavy metals.  B. juncea  (Indiana mustard) v. Małopolska was exposed to the activity of trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in combinations: CuPb, CuCd, CuZn, PbCd, PbZn, and ZnCd in a concentration of 25 μM each for 96 h during control cultivation. We observed a clear tendency for metal uptake and accumulation in above-ground parts which is characteristic of hyperaccumulators. The combinations of CuCd, CuZn, and PbCd inhibited the development of the seedlings the most. The used metal combinations increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as: hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion (O 2  .− ) and oxidized proteins in  B. juncea  organs, generating oxidative stress conditions in the cells. We determined the level of transcription of the respective defence proteins of the detoxification and antioxidant systems. We have shown that in the first 24 h of stress condiction, activation of glutamylcysteine-γ synthetase (yECS) and glutathione reductase (GR1) enzymes related to the detoxification of heavy metals is important for  B. juncea  plants. In addition, the data provide important information on how plants respond to the presence of heavy metals in the first days of stress conditions.

Activation of antioxidative and detoxificative systems in Brassica juncea L. plants against the toxicity of heavy metals