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Patients undergoing cardiac surgery develop a marked postoperative systemic inflammatory response. Blood transfusion may contribute to disruption of homeostasis in these patients. We sought to evaluate the impact of blood transfusion on serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), hypoxia induced factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels as well as adverse outcomes in patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery. We prospectively enrolled 282 patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery. Serum IL-6 and HIF-1α levels were measured preoperatively and on the first postoperative day. Packed red blood cells were transfused in 26.3% of patients (mean 2.93 ± 3.05 units) by the time of postoperative sampling. Postoperative IL-6 levels increased over 30-fold and were similar in both groups (p = 0.115), whilst HIF-1α levels (0.377 pg/mL vs. 0.784 pg/mL, p = 0.002) decreased significantly in patients who received red blood cell transfusion. Moreover, greater decrease in HIF-1α levels predicted worse in-hospital and 3mo adverse outcome. Red blood cell transfusion was associated with higher risk of major adverse outcomes (stroke, pneumonia, all-cause mortality) during the index hospitalization. Red blood cell transfusion induces blunting of postoperative HIF-1 α response and is associated with higher risk of adverse thrombotic and pulmonary adverse events after cardiac surgery.    Clinical Trial Registration  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03444259.

Red blood cell transfusion induces abnormal HIF-1α response to cytokine storm after adult cardiac surgery