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Shellfish, including the key species the common cockle  Cerastoderma edule,  living and feeding in waters contaminated by infectious agents can accumulate them within their tissues. It is unknown if microbial pathogens and microparasites can subsequently be transmitted via concomitant predation to their consumers, including shorebirds. The objective of this study was to assess if pathogens associated with  C. edule  could be detected seasonally in the faeces of shorebirds that feed on  C. edule  and in the physical environment (sediment) in which  C. edule  reside, along the Irish and Celtic Seas. Two potentially pathogenic global groups,  Vibrio  and Haplosporidia, were detected in  C. edule . Although Haplosporidia were not detected in the bird faeces nor in the sediment, identical strains of  Vibrio splendidus  were detected in  C. edule  and bird faecal samples at sites where the oystercatcher  Haematopus ostralegus  and other waders were observed to be feeding on cockles.  Vibrio  spp. prevalence was seasonal and increased in  C. edule  and bird faecal samples during the warmer months, possibly due to higher seawater temperatures that promote the replication of this bacteria. The sediment samples showed an overall higher prevalence of  Vibrio  spp. than the bird faecal and  C. edule  samples, and its detection remained consistently high through the sites and throughout the seasons, which further supports the role of the sediment as a  Vibrio  reservoir. Our findings shed light on the fact that not all pathogen groups are transmitted from prey to predator via feeding but bacteria such as  V. splendidus  can be. As most of the wading birds observed in this study are migratory, the results also indicate the potential for this bacterium to be dispersed over greater geographic distances, which will have consequences for areas where it may be introduced.

Connectivity dynamics in Irish mudflats between microorganisms including Vibrio spp., common cockles Cerastoderma edule, and shorebirds