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The discovery of a new fossil species of the Caribbeo-Mexican genus  Proptomaphaginus  (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) from Dominican amber, associated with a new fossil parasitic fungus in the genus  Columnomyces  (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales), triggered an investigation of extant species of  Proptomaphaginus  and revealed the long-enduring parasitic association between these two genera. This effort resulted in the description of the fossil species † Proptomaphaginus alleni  sp. nov., and one fossil and two extant species of  Columnomyces , selectively associated with species of  Proptomaphaginus : † Columnomyces electri  sp. nov. associated with the fossil † Proptomaphaginus alleni  in Dominican amber,  Columnomyces hispaniolensis  sp. nov. with the extant  Proptomaphaginus hispaniolensis  (endemic of Hispaniola), and  Columnomyces peckii  sp. nov. with the extant  Proptomaphaginus puertoricensis  (endemic of Puerto Rico). Based on biogeography, our current understanding is that the Caribbean species of  Proptomaphaginus  and their parasitic species of  Columnomyces  have coevolved since the Miocene. This is the first occurrence of such a coevolution between a genus of parasitic fungus and a genus of Coleoptera. The phylogenetic relations among  Proptomaphaginus  species are also addressed based on a parsimony analysis. Fossil specimens were observed by propagation phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography (PPC-SRμCT) and extant specimens were obtained through the study of preserved dried, pinned insects, attesting for the importance of (i) technological advancement and (ii) natural history collections in the study of microparasitic relationships.

A parasitic coevolution since the Miocene revealed by phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography and the study of natural history collections