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A recent survey in Germany revealed the wide presence of ‘ Candidatus  Phytoplasma ulmi’ in native elm stands. Accessions were studied for their genetic variability and phylogenetic relationship based on the conserved  groEL  and the variable  imp  gene. While the  groEL  sequences revealed a high intraspecific homology of more than 99%, the homology of the  imp  gene dropped to 71% between distantly related sequences. Twenty-nine  groEL  and 74  imp  genotypes were distinguished based on polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis of the  groEL  gene clustered all ‘ Ca . P. ulmi’ strains and separated them from related phytoplasmas of the 16SrV group. The inferred phylogeny of the  imp  gene resulted in a different tree topology and separated the ‘ Ca.  P. ulmi’ genotypes into two clusters, one closely related to the  flavescence dorée  phytoplasma strain FD-D (16SrV-D), the other affiliated with the  flavescence dorée  phytoplasma strains FD-C and FD70 and the alder yellows phytoplasma (16SrV-C). In both phylograms, ‘ Ca.  P. ulmi’ genotypes from Scots elm trees formed a coherent cluster, while genotypes from European white elms and field elms grouped less strictly. The regional distribution pattern was congruent for some of the  groEL  and  imp  genotypes, but a strict linkage for all genotypes was not apparent.

Genetic variation, phylogenetic relationship and spatial distribution of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ strains in Germany