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The gastric colonization of human hosts by  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)  increases the risk of developing gastritis, ulcers and gastric cancer. To detect  H. pylori,  a nanohybrid-based BabA immunosensor is developed herein. BabA is an outer membrane protein and one of the major virulence factors of  H. pylori . To design the immunosensor, an Au electrode is loaded with palladium nanoparticles (Pd nano ) by electrodeposition to generate reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The immobilization of these nanostructured materials imparts a large surface area and electroconductivity to bio-immune-sensing molecules (here, the BabA antigen and antibodies). After optimization, the fabricated immunosensor has the ability to detect antigens  (H. pylori)  in a linear range from 0.2 to 20 ng/mL with a low LOD (0.2 ng/mL). The developed immunosensor is highly specific, sensitive and reproducible. Additionally, in silico methods were employed to better understand the hybrid nanomaterials of the fabricated Pd nano /rGO/PEDOT/Au electrode. Simulations performed by molecular docking, and Metropolis Monte Carlo adsorption studies were conducted. The results revealed that the hybrid nanomaterials exhibit a stable antigen–antibody complex of BabA, yielding the lowest binding energy in relation to the electrode materials, emphasizing the functionality of the constructed electrodes in the electrochemical immunosensor.

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Nanohybrid-based immunosensor prepared for Helicobacter pylori BabA antigen detection through immobilized antibody assembly with @ Pdnano/rGO/PEDOT sensing platform