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Dimorphic female-limited Batesian mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly  Papilio polytes  is regulated by the supergene locus  H , harbouring the mimetic ( H ) and non-mimetic ( h )  doublesex  ( dsx ) gene. In the present study, we demonstrated that  dsx-H  negatively affects the number of eggs laid, hatching rate, larval survival rate, and adult lifespan. When crossed with  hh  males, the number of eggs laid of mimetic females (genotype  HH ) was lower than that of non-mimetic females ( hh ). Moreover,  hh  and  Hh  females laid fewer eggs when crossed with  HH  males. The hatching and larval survival rates were lower when both female and male parents harboured  dsx-H . The adult lifespan of  HH  females was shorter than that of  hh  females, while it was similar in males regardless of the genotype. These findings suggest the presence of a cost–benefit balance of Batesian mimicry, which is evolved to avoid predation but is accompanied by physiological deficits, in this species.

Batesian mimicry has evolved with deleterious effects of the pleiotropic gene doublesex