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Homeostatic control of neuronal excitability by modulation of synaptic inhibition (I) and excitation (E) of the principal neurons is important during brain maturation. The fundamental features of in-utero brain development, including local synaptic E–I ratio and bioenergetics, can be modeled by cerebral organoids (CO) that have exhibited highly regular nested oscillatory network events. Therefore, we evaluated a 'Phase Zero' clinical study platform combining broadband Vis/near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy and electrophysiology with studying E–I ratio based on the spectral exponent of local field potentials and bioenergetics based on the activity of mitochondrial Cytochrome-C Oxidase (CCO). We found a significant effect of the age of the healthy controls iPSC CO from 23 days to 3 months on the CCO activity (chi-square (2, N = 10) = 20, p = 4.5400e−05), and spectral exponent between 30–50 Hz (chi-square (2, N = 16) = 13.88, p = 0.001). Also, a significant effect of drugs, choline (CHO), idebenone (IDB), R-alpha-lipoic acid plus acetyl- l -carnitine (LCLA), was found on the CCO activity (chi-square (3, N = 10) = 25.44, p = 1.2492e−05), spectral exponent between 1 and 20 Hz (chi-square (3, N = 16) = 43.5, p = 1.9273e−09) and 30–50 Hz (chi-square (3, N = 16) = 23.47, p = 3.2148e−05) in 34 days old CO from schizophrenia (SCZ) patients iPSC. We present the feasibility of a multimodal approach, combining electrophysiology and broadband Vis–NIR spectroscopy, to monitor neurodevelopment in brain organoid models that can complement traditional drug design approaches to test clinically meaningful hypotheses.

A proof of concept ‘phase zero’ study of neurodevelopment using brain organoid models with Vis/near-infrared spectroscopy and electrophysiology