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MADS-box genes are critical regulators of growth and development in flowering plants. Sequencing of the  Musa balbisiana  (B) genome has provided a platform for the systematic analysis of the MADS-box gene family in the important banana ancestor  Musa balbisiana . Seventy-seven MADS-box genes, including 18 type I and 59 type II, were strictly identified from the banana (Pisang Klutuk Wulung, PKW, 2n = 2x = 22) B genome. These genes have been preferentially placed on the banana B genome. Evolutionary analysis suggested that  M. balbisiana  MCM1-AGAMOUS-DEFICIENS-SRF (MbMADS) might be organized into the MIKC c , MIKC*, Mα, Mβ, and Mγ groups according to the phylogeny. MIKC c  was then further categorized into 10 subfamilies according to conserved motif and gene structure analyses. The well-defined MADS-box genes highlight gene birth and death in banana.  MbMADSes  originated from the same ancestor as  MaMADSes . Transcriptome analysis in cultivated banana (ABB) revealed that  MbMADSes  were conserved and differentially expressed in several organs, in various fruit developing and ripening stages, and in stress treatments, indicating the participation of these genes in fruit development, ripening, and stress responses. Of note, SEP/AGL2 and AG, as well as other several type II MADS-box genes, including the STMADS11 and TM3/SOC1 subfamilies, indicated elevated expression throughout banana fruit development, ripening, and stress treatments, indicating their new parts in controlling fruit development and ripening. According to the co-expression network analysis, MbMADS75 interacted with bZIP and seven other transcription factors to perform its function. This systematic analysis reveals fruit development, ripening, and stress candidate  MbMADSes  genes for additional functional studies in plants, improving our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of  MbMADSes  genes and providing a base for genetic modification of MADS-mediated fruit development, ripening, and stress.

Characteristics of banana B genome MADS-box family demonstrate their roles in fruit development, ripening, and stress