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Chlamydia psittaci  (order:  Chlamydiales ) is a globally distributed zoonotic bacterium that can cause potentially fatal disease in birds and humans. Parrots are a major host, yet prevalence and risk factors for infection in wild parrots are largely unknown. Additionally, recent research suggests there is a diverse range of novel  Chlamydiales  circulating in wildlife. We therefore sampled seven abundant parrot species in south-eastern Australia, taking cloacal swabs and serum from n = 132 wild adults. We determined  C. psittaci  and  Chlamydiales  prevalence and seroprevalence, and tested for host species, sex, geographical and seasonal differences, and temporal changes in individual infection status. Across all species,  Chlamydiales  prevalence was 39.8% (95% CI 31.6, 48.7),  C. psittaci  prevalence was 9.8% (95% CI 5.7, 16.3) and  C. gallinacea  prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI 0.1, 4.5). Other  Chlamydiales  species were not identified to species level. We identified two  C. psittaci  strains within the 6BC clade, which is highly virulent in humans. Seroprevalence was 37.0% (95% CI 28.5, 46.4). Host species (including crimson rosellas, galahs, sulphur-crested cockatoos and blue-winged parrots) differed in seroprevalence and  Chlamydiales  prevalence. Galahs had both highest  Chlamydiales  prevalence (54.8%) and seroprevalence (74.1%). Seroprevalence differed between sites, with a larger difference in males (range 20–63%) than females (29–44%). We reveal a higher chlamydial prevalence than previously reported in many wild parrots, with implications for potential reservoirs, and transmission risks to humans and other avian hosts.

Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots