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Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America and may be caused by the species  Paracoccidioides brasiliensis . In the lungs, this fungus interacts with epithelial cells, activating host cell signalling pathways, resulting in the production of inflammatory mediators. This event may be initiated through the activation of Pattern-Recognition Receptors such as Toll-like Receptors (TLRs). By interacting with cell wall components, TLR2 is frequently related to fungal infections. In this work, we show that, after 24 h post-infection with  P. brasiliensis,  A549 lung epithelial cells presented higher TLR2 levels, which is important for IL-8 secretion. Besides, integrins may also participate in pathogen recognition by host cells. We verified that  P. brasiliensis  increased α3 integrin levels in A549 cells after 5 h of infection and promoted interaction between this receptor and TLR2. However, after 24 h, surprisingly, we verified a decrease of α3 integrin levels, which was dependent on direct contact between fungi and epithelial cells. Likewise, we observed that TLR2 is important to downmodulate α3 integrin levels after 24 h of infection. Thus,  P. brasiliensis  can modulate the host inflammatory response by exploiting host cell receptors and cell signalling pathways.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis downmodulates α3 integrin levels in human lung epithelial cells in a TLR2-dependent manner