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We hypothesized that, in discrimination between benign and malignant parotid gland tumors, high diagnostic accuracy could be obtained with a small amount of imbalanced data when anomaly detection (AD) was combined with deep leaning (DL) model and the L 2 -constrained softmax loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the proposed method was more accurate than other commonly used DL or AD methods. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 245 parotid tumors (22.5% malignant) were retrospectively collected. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the proposed method (VGG16-based DL and AD) and that of classification models using conventional DL and AD methods. A radiologist also evaluated the MR images. ROC and precision-recall (PR) analyses were performed, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. In terms of diagnostic performance, the VGG16-based model with the L 2 -constrained softmax loss and AD (local outlier factor) outperformed conventional DL and AD methods and a radiologist (ROC-AUC = 0.86 and PR-ROC = 0.77). The proposed method could discriminate between benign and malignant parotid tumors in MR images even when only a small amount of data with imbalanced distribution is available.

Diagnostic accuracy of deep-learning with anomaly detection for a small amount of imbalanced data: discriminating malignant parotid tumors in MRI