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Saprophytic bacteria and plants compete for limited nutrient sources.  Bacillus subtilis  grows well on steamed soybeans  Glycine max  to produce the fermented food,  natto . Here we focus on bacterial responses in conflict between  B. subtilis  and  G. max .  B. subtilis  cells maintained high growth rates specifically on non-germinating, dead soybean seeds. On the other hand, viable soybean seeds with germinating capability attenuated the initial growth of  B. subtilis . Thus,  B. subtilis  cells may trigger saprophytic growth in response to the physiological status of  G. max . Scanning electron microscope observation indicated that  B. subtilis  cells on steamed soybeans undergo morphological changes to form apertures, demonstrating cell remodeling during saprophytic growth. Further, transcriptomic analysis of  B. subtilis  revealed upregulation of the gene cluster,  yesOPQR , in colonies growing on steamed soybeans. Recombinant YesO protein, a putative, solute-binding protein for the ATP-binding cassette transporter system, exhibited an affinity for pectin-derived oligosaccharide from plant cell wall. The crystal structure of YesO, in complex with the pectin oligosaccharide, was determined at 1.58 Å resolution. This study expands our knowledge of defensive and offensive strategies in interspecies competition, which may be promising targets for crop protection and fermented food production.

Bacterial inducible expression of plant cell wall-binding protein YesO through conflict between Glycine max and saprophytic Bacillus subtilis