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Sex determination in tephritid fruit flies involves a signaling cascade of alternatively spliced genes. The Transformer (TRA) and Transformer-2 (TRA-2) complex establishes an autoregulatory loop switching sex-specific splicing of  tra  pre-mRNA in females. The TRA/TRA-2 complex also regulates the sex-specific splicing of downstream effector genes,  doublesex  ( dsx ) and  fruitless  ( fru ). In  Ceratitis capitata , a  Maleness-on the-Y  ( MoY ) gene modulates sex-specifically spliced  Cctra  pre-mRNA and results in the breakdown of the  Cctra  autoregulatory loop in males. In this study, the  tra-2  and  fru  genes were characterised in two key pests,  Bactrocera dorsalis  and  B. correcta.  The  tra-2  genes showed high degrees of conservation among tephritids. The complex gene organisation for each of  Bdfru  and  Bcfru  were identified. There are sex-specific and non sex-specific transcripts generated by alternative promoters as found in  Drosophila melanogaster  and other insects. RNAi knockdown of  Bdtra  transcripts showed that BdTRA controls the sex-specific splicing of  Bddsx  and  Bdfru  pre-mRNAs. Developmental expression analysis shows that multiple splice variants of  Bdtra  and  Bctra  RNAs are present before and during cellular blastoderm formation and that the mature sex-specific variants become fixed later in embryogenesis. Furthermore, the  Bddsx   M   splice variants are found in early embryos at the beginning of gastulation, but  Bdfru   M   does not appear until the larval stage. We proposed that the zygotic  tra  loop is initiated in both female and male embryos before becoming automatised or abolished by  MoY , respectively.

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The transformer-2 and fruitless characterisation with developmental expression profiles of sex-determining genes in Bactrocera dorsalis and B. correcta