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Gravity is an important ecological factor regulating plant growth and developmental processes. Here we used various molecular and biochemical approaches to investigate artificial and normal gravistimulation’s effect on the early growth stages of rice ( Oryza sativa  L.) by changing the orientations of Petri dishes. Rate of amino acid formation, root and shoot growth, and  OsPIN  expression was significantly higher under gravistimulation compared with the control. Clinostat rotation positively affected plant growth and amino acid profile. However, under normal gravity, vertical-oriented seedlings showed high amino acid levels compared with clinostat, 90°-rotated, and control seedlings. Similarly, seedling growth significantly increased with 90°-rotated and vertical orientations. Artificial gravity and exogenous indole-3-acetic acid induced  OsPIN1  expression in the roots, root shoot junction, and shoots of clinorotated seedlings. Phenyl acetic acid induced  OsPIN1  expression in the roots and root shoot junction of clinorotated seedlings but not in the shoot. The current study suggests that  OsPIN1  is differentially regulated and that it might be involved in the regulation of plant growth. Conversely,  OsPIN2  and  OsPIN3a  are gravity sensors and highly induced in the roots and root shoot junctions of vertical and 90°-rotated seedlings and play an important role in stress conditions. Thus, on exposure to gravity, hormones, and UV-C radiation, these genes are highly regulated by jasmonic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and gibberellic acid.

Gravistimulation effects on Oryza sativa amino acid profile, growth pattern and expression of OsPIN genes