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Colistin is considered a last-resort reserved drug for the treatment of critical human infections by Gram-negative bacteria. Phenotypic colistin-resistance is strongly associated with plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance ( mcr ) genes. The  mcr -bearing Enterobacteriaceae have been detected in many countries from environments, animals, and humans. This study investigated phenotypic colistin-resistance and the distribution of  mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5  genes in chicken-gut bacteria in Bangladesh. Bacteria were isolated from poultry- and native-chicken droppings, and their susceptibilities to colistin were determined by agar dilution and  E-test  minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements. Multiplex polymerase chain reactions detected  mcr-1 to mcr-5  genes. Overall, 61.7% (92/149) of the isolates showed colistin resistance by agar dilution assessment (MIC > 2.0 μg/mL). The phenotypic resistance was observed considerably higher in poultry-chicken isolates (64.6%, 64/99) than in native-chicken isolates (56%, 28/50;  p  = 0.373). All the resistant isolates showed MIC levels between > 2 and > 128 μg/mL. The  mcr -genes ( mcr-1 and  mcr-2  combined )  were detected more in poultry gut bacteria (36.4%) than native-chicken isolates (20%,  p  = 0.06). Despite bacteria sources,  mcr- genes appeared to be significantly associated with phenotypic colistin-resistance phenomena ( p  < 0.001). Prior colistin usage led to a substantial increase in the proportion of bacteria with  mcr- genes and phenotypic resistance ( p  < 0.001).

High abundance of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in chicken gut-bacteria in Bangladesh