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Culex pipiens  is a major carrier of the West Nile Virus, the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States.  Cx. pipiens  survive overwinter through diapause which is an important survival strategy that is under the control of insulin signaling and Foxo by regulating energy metabolism. Three homologous candidate genes,  glycogen synthase  ( glys ),  atp-binding cassette transporter  ( atp ) ,  and  low-density lipoprotein receptor chaperone  ( ldlr ), that are under the regulation of Foxo transcription factor were identified in  Cx. pipiens . To validate the gene functions, each candidate gene was silenced by injecting the target dsi-RNA to female  Cx. pipiens  during the early phase of diapause. The dsi-RNA injected diapause-destined female post-adult eclosion were fed for 7 days with 10% glucose containing 1%  d -[ 13 C 6 ]glucose. The effects of dsi-RNA knockdown on glucose metabolism in intact mosquitoes were monitored using  13 C solid-state NMR and ATR-FTIR. Our finding shows that the dsi-RNA knockdown of all three candidate genes suppressed glycogen and lipid biosyntheses resulting in inhibition of long-term carbon energy storage in diapausing females.

Dsi-RNA knockdown of genes regulated by Foxo reduces glycogen and lipid accumulations in diapausing Culex pipiens