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Suitable reference genes can be used to calibrate the error in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments, making the results more credible. However, there are no reference genes suitable for multiple species and under different experimental conditions.  Nitraria tangutorum  Bobr. is a typical plant native to desert areas. It is drought-resistant, saline-alkali resistant, extreme temperatures-resistant, and has strong adaptability. To date, the importance of this germplasm has not been sufficiently understood; therefore, it is still unclear which genes can be used as reference genes to calibrate qPCR data of  N .  tangutorum.  In this study we analyzed the expression levels of 10 candidate reference genes ( ACT ,  GAPDH ,  TUA ,  TUB ,  CYP ,  UBC ,  His ,  PP2A ,  HSP , and  EF1-α ) in  N. tangutorum  seedlings under a series of experimental conditions, including in different organs (root, stem, and leaf) and under abiotic stresses (salt, drought, heat, and cold) and hormone stimuli (abscisic acid) by qPCR. Three software programs (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) were used to evaluate the expression stability of the ten genes. Comprehensive analysis showed that  EF1-α  and  His  had the best expression stability, whereas  HSP  was the least suitable as a reference gene .  The expression profile of  NtCER7 , a gene related to the regulation of cuticular wax biosynthesis in  N .  tangutorum , verified the accuracy of the experimental results. Based on this study, we recommend  EF1-α  and  His  as suitable reference genes for  N .  tangutorum . This paper provides the first data on stable reference genes in  N .  tangutorum , which will be beneficial to studying the gene expression of  N .  tangutorum  and other  Nitraria  species in the future.

scientific reports

Systematic selection and validation of suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalization studies of gene expression in Nitraria tangutorum