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Waxy maize has many excellent characteristics in terms of its nutritional and economic value. In recent decades, the waxy maize germplasm has increased dramatically as a result of different selection methods. We collected 200 waxy maize inbred accessions from different origins to study their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships, and to identify new  waxy  mutations. A simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis revealed wide genetic diversity among the 200 waxy maize accessions. The maize accessions were clustered into three groups. We sequenced the  waxy  gene from the first to the 14th exon. Nucleotide variation analysis of 167 waxy maize and 14 flint maize lines revealed some nucleotide differences in the  waxy  gene among different waxy maize groups, and much narrower nucleotide diversity in waxy maize than in flint maize. In a phylogenetic analysis, waxy maize carrying the same mutation allele clustered together, and waxy maize carrying different mutation alleles distributed in different groups; waxy maize was intermixed with flint maize in each branch, and  wx-D7  waxy maize separated significantly from waxy maize lines carrying  wx-D10, wx-124  and  wx-hAT  mutant alleles. The  wx-hAT  was a new  waxy  mutation identified in this study. It consisted of a 2286-bp transposon inserted into the middle of exon three of the  waxy  gene. A PCR marker specific for the  wx-hAT  allele was developed. These results will be useful for the utilization and preservation of the waxy maize germplasm, and the PCR marker has potential uses in waxy maize breeding programs.

Sequence polymorphism of the waxy gene in waxy maize accessions and characterization of a new waxy allele