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High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is routinely used in the treatment of infants with bronchiolitis. This study sought to identify markers associated with failure of HFNC therapy that serve as warnings for early staging of other ventilatory support products. A retrospective study of infants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, receiving HFNC and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from January 2016 to June 2017, was conducted. The subjects were divided into two study groups according to the success or failure of HFNC therapy. Risk factors were assessed using the following variables: age, time between hospital admission and start of HFNC, equipment model, and the need for a nasogastric tube. Eighty-one infants were studied, and 18 (21.7%) of them exhibited therapy failure. The results of the logistic models showed that the chances of failure for patients requiring a nasogastric tube during HFNC use were more likely than those for patients with oral nutrition (OR = 8.17; 95% CI 2.30–28.99;  p  = 0.001). The HFNC failure was not associated with the device used (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 0.54–4.52;  p  = 0.41), time between hospital admission and HFNC installation (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.98–1.03;  p  = 0.73), or age (OR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.82–1.17;  p  = 0.82). Among late outcomes evaluated, the patients with therapy failure had longer total durations of O 2  use ( p  < 0.001) and longer hospital stays ( p  < 0.001). The need to use a nasogastric tube during HFNC use was associated with HFNC therapy failure and can be considered as a marker of severity in children with bronchiolitis.

Nasogastric tube, a warning sign for high-flow nasal cannula failure in infants with bronchiolitis