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Molecular mechanisms underlying muscle-mass retention during hibernation have been extensively discussed in recent years. This work tested the assumption that protein synthesis hyperactivation during interbout arousal of the long-tailed ground squirrel  Urocitellus undulatus  should be accompanied by increased calpain-1 activity in striated muscles. Calpain-1 is known to be autolysed and activated in parallel. Western blotting detected increased amounts of autolysed calpain-1 fragments in the heart (1.54-fold,  p  < 0.05) and m. longissimus dorsi (1.8-fold,  p  < 0.01) of ground squirrels during interbout arousal. The total protein synthesis rate determined by SUnSET declined 3.67-fold in the heart ( p  < 0.01) and 2.96-fold in m. longissimus dorsi ( p  < 0.01) during interbout arousal. The synthesis rates of calpain-1 substrates nebulin and titin in muscles did not differ during interbout arousal from those in active summer animals. A recovery of the volume of m. longissimus dorsi muscle fibres, a trend towards a heart-muscle mass increase and a restoration of the normal titin content (reduced in the muscles during hibernation) were observed. The results indicate that hyperactivation of calpain-1 in striated muscles of long-tailed ground squirrels during interbout arousal is accompanied by predominant synthesis of giant sarcomeric cytoskeleton proteins. These changes may contribute to muscle mass retention during hibernation.

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Predominant synthesis of giant myofibrillar proteins in striated muscles of the long-tailed ground squirrel Urocitellus undulatus during interbout arousal