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LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) are the most common type of transcriptional regulators in prokaryotes and function by altering gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. In the class  Alphaproteobacteria , a conserved LTTR named VtlR is critical to the establishment of host-microbe interactions. In the mammalian pathogen  Brucella abortus , VtlR is required for full virulence in a mouse model of infection, and VtlR activates the expression of  abcR2 , which encodes a small regulatory RNA (sRNA). In the plant symbiont  Sinorhizobium meliloti , the ortholog of VtlR, named LsrB, is involved in the symbiosis of the bacterium with alfalfa.  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  is a close relative of both  B. abortus  and  S. meliloti , and this bacterium is the causative agent of crown gall disease in plants. In the present study, we demonstrate that VtlR is involved in the ability of  A. tumefaciens  to grow appropriately in artificial medium, and an  A. tumefaciens vtlR  deletion strain is defective in motility, biofilm formation, and tumorigenesis of potato discs. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that more than 250 genes are dysregulated in the ∆ vtlR  strain, and importantly, VtlR directly controls the expression of three sRNAs in  A. tumefaciens . Taken together, these data support a model in which VtlR indirectly regulates hundreds of genes via manipulation of sRNA pathways in  A. tumefaciens , and moreover, while the VtlR/LsrB protein is present and structurally conserved in many members of the  Alphaproteobacteria , the VtlR/LsrB regulatory circuitry has diverged in order to accommodate the unique environmental niche of each organism.

A central role for the transcriptional regulator VtlR in small RNA-mediated gene regulation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens